May sound stupid, but I see a small tear and some coolant damage to the cables in the attached photo.

1. Today I got the code P0172 running rich so I'm wondering if this could be the cause or adding to it
2. I don't what these are, so not sure how to find the replacement for it

Identifying these for me would help immensely. Thanks so much for your help in advance

 

Those are wire cable wraps. The are fine. Do you have a scan tool? Not code reader need to see live data.

 

I believe those are wire looms which the wires are inside. They are used to run wires from one place to another in a protective tube.
If you see damage then look at the wires inside to assess any damage to those wires. They may be fine.
Or they may be frayed??? Do not know. But from the pictures, can not see any damage.
The wires go to the in-take, throttle body.
grcauto is right that you need a scan tool to see live data
But, you also need to understand what you are seeing
Is it running rich due to a/f O2 sensor?
Sticky injectors? Need valve adjustment??
MAF sensor faulty?
Does your vehicle have EGR?
Is it stuck? Or purge valve stuck open?

 

So a little background: the car was running a little rough and threw the code for bank 1 sensor 2. So had the downstream o2 sensor replaced. CEL was cleared, drove about 20 miles and got P0172 and it started driving really rough. Low acceleration, almost stalling, gas smell.
Since then I’ve only replaced the EGR valve and air filter, and cleaned the MAP sensor (no MAF sensor on this model) with no change. So now wondering if the MAP sensor is faulty, do I need to replace the upstream sensor, or is this related to spark plugs or fuel injectors? I don’t see any tears in air hoses either. Here is the freeze frame data I took

 

It's running rich. Check fuel pressure. You do not clean MAP sensors.

 

I kinda only cleaned it off from the dust that was on and around it as you saw from the pic, nothing more. Do you think this could be a faulty MAP sensor or will I waste my money replacing it? A bunch of people told me to replace the upstream o2 sensor but if that’s not even a possible cause I don’t want to waste time on that.
and how do I check the fuel pressure?

 

Seeing the load is at better than 40% at idle I would think it a good measure to replace the map.
What determines load is Engine Speed (RPM), TPS throttle and air. Without a MAF the map plays a big factor in calculating load and how much fuel to add.
Engine speed is just off idle at 840 and throttle is closed so map is suspect. 40 kpa is twice atmosphere.

 

So I got the oxygen sensor replaced (turns out it was broken- see the photo). Also replaced the MAP sensor. Car driving has not improved and now I get a P0506. Any ideas?

 

Did you replace the A/F O2 sensor (upstream O2 sensor) with an OEM or aftermarket??
Map sensor not indicated at first. If you kept the old one try putting that one back in and see if it gets any better??
Can also try cleaning the IAC, throttle plate and throttle body to see if that helps??